The History of Gladiators
Adopted from the earlier Etruscans, probably by way of Campania, gladiatorial combats were originally a funeral rite introduced to Rome in 264 BC by the sons of Junius Brutus. In 46 BC Julius Caesar commemorated the death of his daughter Julia with elaborate games and in 65 BC he honoured his father in a similar way. The ritual eventually lost much of its religious significance and by the end of AD 200, as aristocratic funerals increasingly became political acts, gladiatorial matches became the province of the emperors, who presented them as enactment of their own power and prestige. Most gladiators were either prisoners of war, slaves bought for the purpose, or criminals sentenced to serve in the games and the odds of these professional gladiator being killed in any particular bout were about one in ten. Some gladiators were criminals condemned to die in the ring and these had no chance of survival. It was they who declared 'Ave, imperator, morituri te salutant!' before battle...